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Java中的设计模式

《设计模式:可复用面向对象软件的基础》一书中提出了 24 中经典的设计模式,这些设计模式被广泛地运用于项目实战之中。这篇博客的重点并不在于讲解这些设计模式以及使用,而主要列举了在 Java Core Libraries 中间所用到的设计模式。Java Core Libraries 中的 API 设计基本涵盖了 GOF 书中所提到的绝大部分设计模式,可以说是 API 设计的典范,非常值得借鉴和学习。

创建型模式

这些设计模式提供了一种在创建对象的同时隐藏创建逻辑的方式,而不是使用 new 运算符直接实例化对象。这使得程序在判断针对某个给定实例需要创建哪些对象时更加灵活。

工厂模式(Factory Pattern)

  • java.util.Calendar#getInstance()
  • java.util.ResourceBundle#getBundle()
  • java.text.NumberFormat#getInstance()
  • java.nio.charset.Charset#forName()
  • java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory#createURLStreamHandler(String) (Returns singleton object per protocol)
  • java.util.EnumSet#of()
  • javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext#createMarshaller() and other similar methods

抽象工厂模式(Abstract Factory Pattern)

  • javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory#newInstance()
  • javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory#newInstance()
  • javax.xml.xpath.XPathFactory#newInstance()

单例模式(Singleton Pattern)

  • java.lang.Runtime#getRuntime()
  • java.awt.Desktop#getDesktop()
  • java.lang.System#getSecurityManager()

建造者模式(Builder Pattern)

  • java.lang.StringBuilder#append() (unsynchronized)
  • java.lang.StringBuffer#append() (synchronized)
  • java.nio.ByteBuffer#put() (also on CharBuffer, ShortBuffer, IntBuffer, LongBuffer, FloatBuffer and DoubleBuffer)
  • javax.swing.GroupLayout.Group#addComponent()

原型模式(Prototype Pattern)

  • java.lang.Object#clone()

结构型模式

这些设计模式关注类和对象的组合。继承的概念被用来组合接口和定义组合对象获得新功能的方式

适配器模式(Adapter Pattern)

  • java.util.Arrays#asList()
  • java.util.Collections#list()
  • java.util.Collections#enumeration()
  • java.io.InputStreamReader(InputStream) (returns a Reader)
  • java.io.OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream) (returns a Writer)
  • javax.xml.bind.annotation.adapters.XmlAdapter#marshal() and

桥接模式(Bridge Pattern)

TODO

过滤器模式(Filter、Criteria Pattern)

组合模式(Composite Pattern)

  • java.awt.Container#add(Component)
  • javax.faces.component.UIComponent#getChildren()

装饰器模式(Decorator Pattern)

  • All subclasses of java.io.InputStream, OutputStream, Reader and Writer have a constructor taking an instance of same type.
  • java.util.Collections, the checkedXXX(), synchronizedXXX() and unmodifiableXXX() methods.
  • javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequestWrapper and HttpServletResponseWrapper

外观模式(Facade Pattern)

  • javax.faces.context.FacesContext, it internally uses among others the abstract/interface types LifeCycle, ViewHandler, NavigationHandler and many more without that the enduser has to worry about it (which are however overrideable by injection).
  • javax.faces.context.ExternalContext, which internally uses ServletContext, HttpSession, HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, etc.

享元模式(Flyweight Pattern)

  • java.lang.Integer#valueOf(int) (also on Boolean, Byte, Character, Short, Longand BigDecimal)

代理模式(Proxy Pattern)

  • java.lang.reflect.Proxy
  • java.rmi.*
  • javax.ejb.EJB (explanation here)
  • javax.inject.Inject (explanation here)
  • javax.persistence.PersistenceContext

行为型模式

责任链模式(Chain of Responsibility Pattern)

  • java.util.logging.Logger#log()
  • javax.servlet.Filter#doFilter()

命令模式(Command Pattern)

  • All implementations of java.lang.Runnable
  • All implementations of javax.swing.Action

解释器模式(Interpreter Pattern)

  • java.util.Pattern
  • java.text.Normalizer
  • All subclasses of java.text.Format
  • All subclasses of javax.el.ELResolver

迭代器模式(Iterator Pattern)

  • All implementations of java.util.Iterator (thus among others also java.util.Scanner!).
  • All implementations of java.util.Enumeration

中介者模式(Mediator Pattern)

  • java.util.Timer (all scheduleXXX() methods)
  • java.util.concurrent.Executor#execute()
  • java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService (the invokeXXX() and submit() methods)
  • java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService (all scheduleXXX() methods)
  • java.lang.reflect.Method#invoke()

备忘录模式(Memento Pattern)

  • java.util.Date (the setter methods do that, Date is internally represented by a longvalue)
  • All implementations of java.io.Serializable
  • All implementations of javax.faces.component.StateHolder

观察者模式(Observer Pattern)

  • java.util.Observer/java.util.Observable (rarely used in real world though)*
  • All implementations of java.util.EventListener (practically all over Swing thus)
  • javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingListener
  • javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionAttributeListener
  • javax.faces.event.PhaseListener

状态模式(State Pattern)

  • javax.faces.lifecycle.LifeCycle#execute() (controlled by FacesServlet, the behaviour is dependent on current phase (state) of JSF lifecycle)

空对象模式(Null Object Pattern)

TODO

策略模式(Strategy Pattern)

  • java.util.Comparator#compare(), executed by among others Collections#sort().
  • javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet, the service() and all doXXX() methods take HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse and the implementor has to process them (and not to get hold of them as instance variables!).
  • javax.servlet.Filter#doFilter()

模板模式(Template Pattern)

  • All non-abstract methods of java.io.InputStream, java.io.OutputStream, java.io.Reader and java.io.Writer.
  • All non-abstract methods of java.util.AbstractList, java.util.AbstractSet and java.util.AbstractMap. javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet, all the doXXX() methods by default sends a HTTP 405 "Method Not Allowed" error to the response. You're free to implement none or any of them.

访问者模式(Visitor Pattern)

  • javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationValue and AnnotationValueVisitor
  • javax.lang.model.element.Element and ElementVisitor
  • javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror and TypeVisitor
  • java.nio.file.FileVisitor and SimpleFileVisitor
  • javax.faces.component.visit.VisitContext and VisitCallback

参考资料

  • http://www.runoob.com/design-pattern/design-pattern-intro.html
  • https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1673841/examples-of-gof-design-patterns-in-javas-core-libraries